Abstract
Marine animal forests (MAFs) are benthic ecosystems dominated by structure-forming invertebrates (e.g., corals, sponges) that provide critical structural habitat and ecosystem services globally. The objective of this paper is to synthesize current knowledge on the role of MAFs in supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and delivering economic value. Furthermore, it explores how emerging technologies are revolutionizing the study of these ecosystems. The paper concludes by outlining urgent research priorities required to guide conservation efforts and secure the vital services these ecosystems provide.
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