Resumen
El mapeo de bosques de macroalgas formadoras de dosel ha tenido un momento de gran desarrollo científico y tecnológico, coincidente con el aumento del interés en aplicar estas técnicas en diversos casos de estudio. Aquí desarrollamos una revisión introductoria de las bases metodológicas del mapeo de bosques de kelp, abarcando consideraciones sobre la resolución espacial, las condiciones geográficas, la resolución temporal, la clasificación de las imágenes y la organización espacial y temporal de los resultados. Además, incluimos un caso de estudio perteneciente a la futura área de conservación Cabo Froward, en la Región de Magallanes. La utilización de estas técnicas puede ayudar a desarrollar distintas aplicaciones de monitoreo costo-efectivas a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales.
Citas
Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Olguín-Jacobson, C., Earle, S., Bello, M., Lagger, C., Mora-Soto, A., et al. (2024). Protect kelp forests. Science, 386(6722), 629-629. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adr4814
Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Villaseñor-Derbez, J. C., Schoeman, D. S., Mora-Soto, A., Bell, T. W., Butler, C. L., et al. (2025). Global floating kelp forests have limited protection despite intensifying marine heatwave threats. Nature Communications, 16(1), 3173. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58054-4
Bell, T. W., Cavanaugh, K. C., Reed, D. C., & Siegel, D. A. (2015). Geographical variability in the controls of giant kelp biomass dynamics. Journal of Biogeography, 42(10), 2010-2021.
Bell, T. W., Allen, J. G., Cavanaugh, K. C., & Siegel, D. A. (2020). Three decades of variability in California’s giant kelp forests from the Landsat satellites. Remote Sensing of Environment, 238, 110811.
Bell, T. W., Cavanaugh, K. C., Saccomanno, V. R., Cavanaugh, K. C., Houskeeper, H. F., Eddy, N., ... & Gleason, M. (2023). Kelpwatch: A new visualization and analysis tool to explore kelp canopy dynamics reveals variable response to and recovery from marine heatwaves. PLoS ONE, 18(3), e0271477.
Berry, H. D., Mumford, T. F., Christiaen, B., Dowty, P., Calloway, M., Ferrier, L., ... & VanArendonk, N. R. (2021). Long-term changes in kelp forests in an inner basin of the Salish Sea. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0229703.
Cameron, F. (1915). Potash from kelp. United States Department of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary. Report No. 100.
Cavanaugh, K. C., Siegel, D. A., Kinlan, B. P., & Reed, D. C. (2010). Scaling giant kelp field measurements to regional scales using satellite observations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 403, 13-27.
Cavanaugh, K. C., Siegel, D. A., Reed, D. C., & Dennison, P. E. (2011). Environmental controls of giant-kelp biomass in the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 429, 1-17.
Cavanaugh, K. C., Reed, D. C., Bell, T. W., Castorani, M. C., & Beas-Luna, R. (2019). Spatial variability in the resistance and resilience of giant kelp in southern and Baja California to a multiyear heatwave. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 413.
Cavanaugh, K. C., Bell, T., Costa, M., Eddy, N. E., Gendall, L., Gleason, M. G., et al. (2021a). A review of the opportunities and challenges for using remote sensing for management of surface-canopy forming kelps. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 1536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.753531
Cavanaugh, K. C., Cavanaugh, K. C., Bell, T. W., & Hockridge, E. G. (2021b). An automated method for mapping giant kelp canopy dynamics from UAV. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 587354.
Costa, M., Le Baron, N., Tenhunen, K., Nephin, J., Willis, P., Mortimor, J. P., Dudas, S., & Rubidge, E. (2020). Historical distribution of kelp forests on the coast of British Columbia: 1858–1956. Applied Geography, 120, 1858–1956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102230
Denouden, T., & Reshitnyk, L. (2023). Kelp-O-Matic (0.5.2). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7672167
Deysher, L. E. (1993). Evaluation of remote sensing techniques for monitoring giant kelp populations. Hydrobiologia, 260/261, 307-312.
Dillehay, T. D., Ramírez, C., Pino, M., Collins, M. B., Rossen, J., & Pino-Navarro, J. D. (2008). Monte Verde: seaweed, food, medicine, and the peopling of South America. Science, 320, 784–786. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156533
Eger, A. M., Marzinelli, E. M., Beas-Luna, R., Blain, C. O., Blamey, L. K., Byrnes, J. E. K., Carnell, P. E., Choi, C. G., Hessing-Lewis, M., Kim, K. Y., Kumagai, N. H., Lorda, J., Moore, P., Nakamura, Y., Pérez-Matus, A., Pontier, O., Smale, D., Steinberg, P. D., & Vergés, A. (2023). The value of ecosystem services in global marine kelp forests. Nature Communications, 14(1), 1894. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37385-0
Erlandson, J. M., Graham, M. H., Bourque, B. J., Corbett, D., Estes, J. A., & Steneck, R. S. (2007). The kelp highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 2(2), 161–174.
FitzRoy, R. (1839). Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836: describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle’s circumnavigation of the globe (Vol. 2). London: H. Colburn.
Fondo Naturaleza Chile, Programa de Áreas Marinas Protegidas. (2022). Síntesis: Plan de Gestión Efectiva de Áreas Marinas Protegidas. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Oceana, World Wildlife Fund & Wildlife Conservation Society. 16 páginas.
Friedlander, A. M., Ballesteros, E., Bell, T. W., Caselle, J. E., Campagna, C., Goodell, W., ... & Dayton, P. K. (2020). Kelp forests at the end of the earth: 45 years later. PLoS ONE, 15(3), e0229259.
Gendall, L., Schroeder, S. B., Wills, P., Hessing-Lewis, M., & Costa, M. (2023). A multi-satellite mapping framework for floating kelp forests. Remote Sensing, 15(5), 1276.
Gendall, L., Hessing-Lewis, M., Wachmann, A., Schroeder, S., Reshitnyk, L., Crawford, S., ... & Costa, M. (2025). From archives to satellites: uncovering loss and resilience in the kelp forests of Haida Gwaii. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, 1504701.
Gell, F. R., & Roberts, C. M. (2003). Benefits beyond boundaries: The fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(9), 448-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00189-7
González-Aragón, D., Rivadeneira, M. M., Lara, C., Torres, F. I., Vásquez, J. A., & Broitman, B. R. (2024). A species distribution model of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera: Worldwide changes and a focus on the Southeast Pacific. Ecology and Evolution, 14(3), e10901.
González-Aragon, D., Muñoz, R., Houskeeper, H., Cavanaugh, K., García-Tuñon, W., Farias, L., ... & Broitman, B. R. (2025). Seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of a Macrocystis pyrifera forest in Concepcion Bay, Chile. Ecological Informatics, 87, 103103.
Guajardo-Rubilar, E., Mora-Soto, A., Buschmann, A., & Faugeron, S. (2026). Spatio-temporal dynamics of giant kelp forests in the Humboldt current system revealed by satellite data and hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Ecological Informatics, 95, 103746.
Hamilton, S. L., Bell, T. W., Watson, J. R., Grorud-Colvert, K. A., & Menge, B. A. (2020). Remote sensing: generation of long-term kelp bed data sets for evaluation of impacts of climatic variation. Ecology, 101(7), e03031.
Hollarsmith, J. A., Cornett, J. C., Evenson, E., & Tugaw, A. (2024). A century of canopy kelp persistence and recovery in the Gulf of Alaska. Annals of Botany, 133(1), 105–116.
Houskeeper, H. F., Rosenthal, I. S., Cavanaugh, Ka. C., Pawlak, C., Trouille, L., Byrnes, J. E. K., Bell, T. W., & Cavanaugh, Ky. C. (2022). Automated satellite remote sensing of giant kelp at the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). PLoS ONE, 17(1), e0257933.
IUCN. (2018). Applying IUCN’s Global Conservation Standards to Marine Protected Areas (MPA). https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/applying_mpa_global_standards_final_version_050418.pdf
Jensen, J. R., Estes, J. E., & Tinney, L. (1980). Remote sensing techniques for kelp surveys. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 46(6), 743-755.
Kriegler, F. J. (1969). Preprocessing transformations and their effects on multispectral recognition. In Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on remote sensing of environment (pp. 97-131).
Krumhansl, K. A., Okamoto, D. K., Rassweiler, A., Novak, M., Bolton, J. J., Cavanaugh, K. C., et al. (2016). Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(48), 13785–13790.
Man, L., Barbosa, R. V., Reshitnyk, L. Y., Gendall, L., Wachmann, A., Dedeluk, N., ... & Costa, M. (2025). Canopy-forming kelp forests persist in the dynamic subregion of the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, 1537498.
Mora-Soto, A., Palacios, M., Macaya, E. C., Gómez, I., Huovinen, P., Pérez-Matus, A., ... & Macias-Fauria, M. (2020). A high-resolution global map of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests and intertidal green algae (Ulvophyceae) with Sentinel-2 imagery. Remote Sensing, 12(4), 694.
Mora-Soto, A., Capsey, A., Friedlander, A. M., Palacios, M., Brewin, P. E., Golding, N., Dayton, P., Van Tussenbroek, B., Montiel, A., Goodell, W., Velasco-Charpentier, C., Hart, T., Macaya, E. C., Pérez-Matus, A., & Macias-Fauria, M. (2021). One of the least disturbed marine coastal ecosystems on Earth: Spatial and temporal persistence of Darwin’s sub-Antarctic giant kelp forests. Journal of Biogeography, 48(10), 2562–2577.
Mora-Soto, A., Aguirre, C., Iriarte, J. L., Palacios, M., Macaya, E. C., & Macias-Fauria, M. (2022). A Song of Wind and Ice: Increased Frequency of Marine Cold-Spells in Southwestern Patagonia and Their Possible Effects on Giant Kelp Forests. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(6), e2021JC017801.
Mora-Soto, A., Schroeder, S., Gendall, L., Wachmann, A., Narayan, G. R., Read, S., ... & Costa, M. (2024a). Kelp dynamics and environmental drivers in the southern Salish Sea, British Columbia, Canada. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1323448.
Mora-Soto, A., Schroeder, S., Gendall, L., Wachmann, A., Narayan, G., Read, S., ... & Costa, M. (2024b). Back to the past: long-term persistence of bull kelp forests in the Strait of Georgia, Salish Sea, Canada. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1446380.
Miller, R. J., Lafferty, K. D., Lamy, T., Kui, L., Rassweiler, A., & Reed, D. C. (2018). Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, increases faunal diversity through physical engineering. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285, 20172571. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.257
Nicholson, T. E., McClenachan, L., Tanaka, K. R., & Van Houtan, K. S. (2024). Sea otter recovery buffers century-scale declines in California kelp forests. PLoS Climate, 3(1), e0000290.
Pérez-Matus, A., Micheli, F., Konar, B., Shears, N., Low, N. H. N., Okamoto, D. K., Wernberg, T., Krumhansl, K. A., Ling, S. D., Kingsford, M., Navarrete-Fernandez, T., Ruz, C. S., & Byrnes, J. E. K. (2025). Kelp forests as nursery and foundational habitat for reef fishes. Ecology, 106(2), e70007. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70007
Pessarrodona, A., Franco-Santos, R. M., Wright, L. S., Vanderklift, M. A., Howard, J., Pidgeon, E., ... & Filbee-Dexter, K. (2023). Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation using macroalgae: a state of knowledge review. Biological Reviews, 98(6), 1945-1971.
Pfister, C. A., Berry, H. D., & Mumford, T. (2017). The dynamics of kelp forests in the Northeast Pacific Ocean and the relationship with environmental drivers. Journal of Ecology, 106(4), 1520–1533.
Pliscoff, P. (2022). Identificación de refugios climáticos terrestres y marinos en la Patagonia. Programa Austral Patagonia de la Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. 26 pp.
Reshitnyk, L., Saccomanno, V., Bell, T. W., & Cavanaugh, K. C. (2023). Mapeo de kelp formador de dosel en el Océano Pacífico nororiental: Guía para responsables de tomar decisiones y profesionales. The Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada. https://doi.org/10.21966/7ze4-x883
Roberts, D. A., Gardner, M., Church, R., Ustin, S., Scheer, G., & Green, R. (1998). Mapping chaparral in the Santa Monica Mountains using multiple endmember spectral mixture models. Remote Sensing of Environment, 65(3), 267-279.
Roberts, C. M., O’Leary, B. C., McCauley, D. J., Cury, P. M., Duarte, C. M., Lubchenco, J., et al. (2017). Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(24), 6167-6175. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701262114
Saccomanno, V. R., Bell, T., Pawlak, C., Stanley, C. K., Cavanaugh, K. C., Hohman, R., ... & Gleason, M. (2023). Using unoccupied aerial vehicles to map and monitor changes in emergent kelp canopy after an ecological regime shift. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 9(1), 62-75.
Schroeder, S. B., Dupont, C., Boyer, L., Juanes, F., & Costa, M. (2019). Passive remote sensing technology for mapping bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana): A review of techniques and regional case study. Global Ecology and Conservation, 19, e00683.
Timmer, B., Reshitnyk, L. Y., Hessing-Lewis, M., Juanes, F., & Costa, M. (2022). Comparing the use of red-edge and near-infrared wavelength ranges for detecting submerged kelp canopy. Remote Sensing, 14(9), 2241.
Timmer, B., Reshitnyk, L. Y., Hessing-Lewis, M., Juanes, F., Gendall, L., & Costa, M. (2024). Capturing accurate kelp canopy extent: integrating tides, currents, and species-level morphology in kelp remote sensing. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, 1338483.
United Nations Environment Programme & Norwegian Blue Forests Network. (2023). Into the Blue: Securing a Sustainable Future for Kelp Forests. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/42255
Wachmann, A., Mora-Soto, A., Yakimishyn, J., Bohlen, K., Fulton, E., & Costa, M. (2026). Centennial persistence of kelp forests on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Frontiers in Marine Science, 13, 1720284.
Wernberg, T., & Filbee-Dexter, K. (2019). Missing the marine forest for the trees. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 612, 209-215. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12867

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Alejandra Mora Soto, Mauricio Palacios, Mathias Hune
